Thursday, September 3, 2020

Do attitudes predict behaviour

Do mentalities anticipate conduct Do mentalities anticipate conduct? The connection among mentalities and conduct is one of the most dubious themes in social brain science. Despite the fact that the meaning of perspectives can not be affirmed at this point, this exposition utilizes the portrayal in Hoggs and Vaughans book (1995) that mentalities are â€Å"a general inclination or assessment about people, article or issue just as a moderately suffering association of convictions, sentiments and conduct propensities towards socially critical items, gatherings, levels or symbols†. This definition demonstrates that there is a cozy connection among perspectives and conduct. While some basic confirmations emerged to show that mentalities have minimal prescient force on conduct after the LaPieres analyze (1934), the connection among perspectives and conduct is as yet being investigated as one of the fundamental theme in the social brain science during late years. This exposition will break down the connection between the perspectives and conduct. This paper starts by taking a gander at the demeanor conduct irregularity and afterward will proceed to concentrate on the hypothesis of arranged conduct which might be viewed as the key hypothesis to manage the disposition conduct relationship. It is so credulous as to might suspect a people mentalities and conduct are connected legitimately and reliably. It very well may be seen constantly that individuals state they need to stay in shape yet they never do extracts, individuals are stressed over a dangerous atmospheric devation while they are driving high fumes vehicles and utilizing cools. The disclosure of the disposition conduct irregularity returns to 1930s America relying upon crafted by the Stanford humanist Richard LaPiere. Around then, the individuals in the US had a solid bias on Asian. After LaPiere and his two Chinese companions went through the US, they were enjoyably astonished to locate that out of the 250 inns and cafés they visited, everything except one served them graciously. A half year later, LaPiere sent a survey to all the inns and cafés they visited, soliciting â€Å"will you acknowledge individuals from the Chinese race as visitors in your establishment?† Incredibly 90% of members addressed no, they would not acknowledge Chinese race into their foundation. This analysis do shows the irregularity of mentalities and conduct. After this exploration, Wicker (1969) found that the normal connection among's mentalities and conduct was just 0.15, which showed the frail connection among perspectives and conduct. Despite the fact that LaPieres exp lore made pundits the mentality conduct consistency, it didn't deny the connection among perspectives and conduct. LaPieres analyze was not intended for mentalities exploration and there were a few issues lay in the survey that may lead a few mix-ups in this examination: the individuals who addressed the polls probably won't be the individual who cut off the Chinese couple; the responders didn't be informed that the Chinese couple was obliging, instructed and sharp looking; perspectives may have changed during the a half year. One of the impact factors in LaPieres test is the estimation strategy for mentalities. It is difficult to quantify mentalities and scientists depend intensely on asking individuals and utilizing polls which are for the most part self-depicted techniques. States by Fiske (2004), self-report estimation is more effectively to pick up the express perspectives than the understood mentalities. At the point when the contention among unequivocal and verifiable mentalities occurred, conduct is constantly flowed by certain disposition. As verifiable mentalities consistently picked up from roundabout and complex techniques, self-portrayed strategy can scarcely demonstrates it. The exploration done by Sherman, Rose and Koch, et al (2003) on verifiable and express perspectives toward cigarette smoking shows that certain mentalities can foresee conduct all the more steadily and precisely. Verifiable mentalities are only from time to time impacted by different variables which can upset the correspo ndence among perspectives and conduct. In different words, the utilizing of self-portrayed surveys for estimating the mentalities may turn into a reason for error in the expectation of the conduct. Another significant factor affected LaPieres study is the a half year. Despite the fact that demeanor is a steady and suffering assessment, it might change as the time passed by. So as the polls were done following a half year, the members perspectives may have changed during the half year which may prompt the hallucination that mentalities don't anticipate conduct. With respect to different examinations on the connection among mentalities and conduct, time span consistently exists between the estimation of disposition and conduct. A few times it would keep going quite a while, a half year, a month; or a few times only seven days. In any case, regardless of to what extent it was, mentality may most likely have changed during this period. This will impact the consistency among disposition and conduct also. At the point when perspectives are utilized to foresee conduct, it would be impacted by various factors, for example, the techniques for mentalities estimation as referenced over, the demeanor quality, accepted practice, past experience and propensities, and so forth. So the connection among perspectives and conduct isn't connected in a coordinated manner (Hogg and Vaughan, 1995). The general models managing join among perspectives and conduct are the contemplated activity hypothesis (TRA) and the arranged conduct hypothesis (TPB). These two speculations are not in struggle, TPB is an improvement of the main hypothesis. The contemplated activity hypothesis was first advanced by Ajzen and Fishbein in 1974 which accepted that social goal is the consequence of the blend of abstract standard and disposition towards the conduct and the conduct expectation prompts the conduct. That is individuals will conduct after assessed by the mentality towards the conduct and judge the appropriateness by the emotional standard. It stresses that individuals can control the conduct deliberately, for instance, â€Å"I can do practices routinely in the event that I truly need to keep fit†. Be that as it may, as it referenced above, there are not many individuals do practice however they need to stay in shape. Further progressively a few sorts of conduct are less under people groups cognizant control. For instance, individuals will carry on under the naturally actuated mentalities without deduction normally to pick the best explanation behind activity. The rehashed conduct, for example, smoking as a propensity may get separated from disposition. This sort of naturally enacted demeanor like propensities happens oftentimes in every day. So individuals may possibly think soundly when they confronted new or troublesome circumstances. Likewise, a conduct that performed effectively relies upon the social aim, yet additionally some different factors, for example, openings and technol ogiesï ¼Ë†Peach, . Jimmieson and White, 2005ï ¼â€° So as to portray the connection among mentalities and conduct all the more precisely, the arranged conduct hypothesis (TPB) was completed by Ajzen at 1989 as the expansion of the first hypothesis. Seen conduct control is the improvement in the TPB which implies the people conviction about how simple or hard to play out a demonstration. To settle on such a choice, individuals need to consolidate the past involvement in the current deterrents. The exactness of the expectation of conduct was improved in the investigation that Beck and Ajzen (1991) have done about the understudies untrustworthy conduct since the apparent social control has been estimated (Hogg and Vaughan, 1995). So in the TRA and TPB, both the outside factors, for example, openings, assets and the people groups interior factors, for example, regularizing convictions and capacities are thought about. This blend of outside and inside makes TPB turns into the key hypothesis managing the connection among mentalities and con duct. In these two hypotheses, the activity could be anticipated if the people mentality and normal practice are great, just as the degree of saw conduct control is high. In this paper, the connection among mentalities and conduct has been broke down. The irregularity among mentalities and conduct was depicted trailed by the reasons why this could occur in the LaPieres try. Oneself report estimation which is generally used to gauge mentalities has been assessed as it would cause some incorrectness in the forecast of future activities. The contemplated activity hypothesis (TRA) and arranged conduct hypothesis (TPB) have been presented in subtleties as the principle speculations managing the connection among perspectives and conduct. To close, mentalities do anticipate conduct once the factors in the estimation and the TPB are very much controlled. The extent of this paper was restricted by the absence of presenting different factors impact the correspondence among perspectives and conduct. Anyway the initial step is to realizse that mentality can anticipate conduct regardless of storge or frail. Reference Fiske S T. Social Being: a Core Motive Approach to Social brain research. John Wiley Sons, Int, 2004. 244~249 Hogg, Michael A. what's more, Vaughan, Graham M. (2005). Social Psychology. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. 150~171 Peach M, Jimmieson N L, And White K M. Convictions fundamental representative status to help a structure migration: a hypothesis of arranged conduct point of view. Association Development Journal, 2005, 23(3), 9~23 Sherman S J, Rose J S and Koch K, et al. Certain and express mentalities toward cigarette smoking: The impacts of setting and inspiration. Diary of Social and Clinical Psychology, 2003, 22(1), 13~40

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Major Discoveries in Electrical Communication in the 1800’s Essay

The nineteenth century was a productive time of revelation in electrical information and advances that established the framework for current electrical correspondence. During this timeframe the establishments of present day electrically based innovations were found. The nineteenth century started with a discussion between Luigi Galvani, and Alessandro Volta in regards to the wellspring of power in Galvani’s popular frog try. These discussions lead to the creation of the battery by Volta, and the development of Volta’s. Volta’s revelations would lead the route for Ohm’s law quite a while later. Nonetheless, before that revelation was made Hans Christian Ørstead found electromagnetism, which was then utilized by Andrã © Marie Amperã ¨ to show that attraction is power. Adhering to the distribution of Ohm’s law, Faraday would distribute his discoveries on enlistment in the 1830’s. That equivalent decade the DC generator, and transformer were concocted, and followed in the 1840’s by the development of AC generator. Correspondences innovations progressed at a mind boggling pace. Sã ¶mmering would plan the first multi-line broadcast, and Morse would consummate this into a reasonable single wire structure. Crafted by Charles Wheatstone in telecommunication and Heinrich Hertz in wave hypothesis, prepared for present day correspondences. Alexander Graham Bell developed the phone in 1876. Èdouard Branly would make the commitment of a locator that took into consideration the creation of the radio. Guglielmo Marconi and Alexander Stepanovich Popov would build up the primary radios. From the innovation of the battery to the primary intercontinental message transmission, the advances in electrical advances in the nineteenth century made conceivable the mechanical blast of the twentieth and 21st hundreds of years in comm... ...ambridge University Press for The British Society for the History of Science, The British Journal for the History of Science , Vol. 1, No. 1 (Jun., 1962), pp. 31-48, [Online] Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4025073 [9] Joost Mertens, Shocks and Sparks: The Voltaic Pile as a Demonstration Device, The University of Chicago Press for The History of Science Society, Isis Vol. 89, No. 2 (Jun., 1998), pp. 304 [Online] Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/237757. [10] Herbert W. Meyer, A History of Electricity and Magnetism, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1971, pp. 39, 73, 100, 201. [11] Richard Wolfson, University Physics Second Edition, Pearson, 2012, pp. 453, 454. [12] Dan M. Worrall, David Edward Hughes: Concertinist and Inventor, Papers of the International Concertina Association, Allan Atlas, ed., vol. 4. 2007, pp. 4.

Friday, August 21, 2020

Strategic management of Nokia India Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Key administration of Nokia India - Assignment Example It is currently confronting the situation of presenting Nokia Life Tools administrations for the provincial populace; the primary administrations that will be offered are Education, Entertainment and Agricultural administrations. So as to have total turn out in India, the organization should execute frameworks that will help it in offering steady administrations to the clients alongside forward-thinking data with the goal that the clients can profit by such significant wellspring of data. The organization should build up the framework that will guarantee that each client in India is given appropriate administrations; it has been effective in fulfilling the needs of urban populace and it will catch the provincial piece of the pie. Prologue to Nokia and Nokia India Nokia Corporation is a worldwide organization of the media transmission division that has its central station in Keilaniemi, Espoo which is a city close to Finland. Nokia has been available in the market for just about 10 ye ars and has been creating uncommon, high caliber and inventive cell phones. The organization has even gone into Internet and correspondence parts; it has its underlying foundations in four unmistakable fragments for example Cell phones, Enterprise Solutions, Networks and Multimedia. For the situation study, it is referenced that starting at 2009, Nokia Corporation is available in more than one hundred and fifty nations and is procuring worldwide income of EUR 4.1 billion. Nokia Corporation is viewed as the main maker of cell phones as it has the most recent advancements and its workforce contains all around qualified and profoundly prepared representatives. For each significant section and its moral practices, the organization is creating cell phones that have extra highlights, for example, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), W-CDMA and Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). It is additionally offering different Internet administrations like music, maps, media, application s, games and instant messages by means of its Ovi stage. Nokia Corporation has gone into different organization understandings like Nokia Siemens Network that produces hardware, administrations and answers for the media transmission arrange. Subsequently, it is the best organization in the media transmission industry that has been serving clients by surpassing their desires level (Aspara et al., 2011). In India, Nokia Corporation began its activities in 1995 and it assumed a progressive job in the cell technology’s powerful development. Right now, Nokia has its tasks in five significant urban areas of India for example Mumbai, Bangalore, Ahmadabad, New Delhi and Kolkata. The activities of the organization involve the handsets and system foundation organizations like Nokia Siemens (the two organizations converged to share the telecom arrange tasks and hardware division) with the goal that it can make the most of business openings in the market. This key coalition has helped th e organizations in turning into the fundamental provider to all top

Thursday, August 13, 2020

Short Article Reveals the Undeniable Facts About Jewish Research Paper Topics and How It Can Affect You

<h1> Short Article Reveals the Undeniable Facts About Jewish Research Paper Topics and How It Can Affect You </h1> <p>If you're mistaken for various intriguing subjects to explore on the web, it's far superior to pick what intrigues you the most. You can continue and separation the examination into expressions to check at each angle definitely. The two alternatives aren't sufficient in light of the fact that it'll be hard to pick the correct writing. While picking a point, make certain not to utilize general or expansive subjects. </p> <p>You are looking for a subject that has a great deal of accessible material for you to utilize. When you get your subject, you need to consider the inquiry which is to be handled as respects your examination paper theme. For certain understudies, an assortment of subject is the most straightforward part. At the point when you pick an exploration subject, make certain it is one which you comprehend and have a firm handle on. </p> <p>Writing an examination paper without a blueprint is like driving a vehicle without realizing where you're going you can't where you will get the following second. To move toward the paper with in any event uneasiness, you ought to pick a point that you are feeling good expounding on, and one which you're sure that you could get a handle on the proper grant on. Paper subject will be the Initial and likely one of the most basic advance to take in on the framework to progress. Regardless of whether a specific research paper theme is getting a lot of buzz right now or other people appear to be keen on expounding on it, don't feel enticed to make it your point in the event that you don't really have an enthusiasm for it moreover. </p> <h2>Jewish Research Paper Topics and Jewish Research Paper Topics - The Perfect Combination </h2> <p>Most of the people tend to flee from governmental issues and in this way the legislative issues expositions likewise, accord ingly it is very critical to snatch the eye of the perusers till the finish of the article and that would be a lot of troublesome I know. You should compose an incredible research paper, and the theme you've picked should be completely evolved. There's notable that you won't can compose a phenomenal smart research paper in case you're not inspired by the subject by and large and in this issue especially. Endeavoring to form an examination paper on a point that doesn't have a great deal of research on it's unimaginably hard, so before you pick a subject, do somewhat starter looking and be sure you're have all the data you should make your paper. </p> <p>There are bunches of research paper subjects and proposals for your thought. Picking one of our recommended themes will empower you to begin composing a flourishing exploration paper. It is intended to offer proposals as it were. Peruse this valuable guide and benefit as much as possible from these essential proposals to choose a great subject for your examination paper. </p> <p>Look at these 21 points to get your paper began. Rush to satisfy our English research paper points for secondary school so you'll complete your paper dependably. On the off chance that you should compose just a solitary paper at the finish of the period, you can inhale out since you are honored. A paper is consistently more straightforward to compose in case you're keen regarding the matter, and you will be progressively inspired to do inside and out research and form a paper that really covers the full subject. </p> <p>Needless to state, settling on the fitting theme for your examination paper is the underlying and most crucial advance on the most ideal approach to composing the paper itself. Make utilizing the recommended look into paper theme thoughts and you'll be prosperous. As it's such a gigantic subject, you are going to need to limit your paper down to a specific point. While choosing your exploration paper subject, you need to make certain it is neither exhausting nor exhausted. </p> <p>When it is factious or enlightening papers, you need to build up a theme that may snatch the enthusiasm of the peruser immediately and this isn't such a simple activity. You have a likelihood to choose probably the best subject for factious paper from our rundown! In the event that your subject is excessively expansive, you won't can center your paper since there is basically a lot of information to cover. The references page ought to be effectively executed, on the grounds that it is basic not to preclude any of the sources utilized for composing an exploration paper. </p>

Friday, July 31, 2020

An Actionable Guide on Argumentative Essay on Eating Disorders in Simple Step by Step Order

<h1>An Actionable Guide on Argumentative Essay on Eating Disorders in Simple Step by Step Order </h1> <h2> The New Fuss About Argumentative Essay on Eating Disorders </h2> <p>Because regardless of whether it was only a joke once you called somebody fat, you have zero thought what their circumstance might be, and you never see how somebody will respond. You ought to have your reasons, and our essential concern is that you wind up getting an extraordinary evaluation. Hastily it can appear as though they wish to be thing however the real issue originates from their failure to control their lives. More much of the time than not, the issue is really with their accomplice or spouse. </p> <p>Bulimia is currently an ordinary nature of school dormitories. Understudies have occupied existences and every now and again disregard a coming cutoff time. </p> <p>Bear as a main priority, contention paper composing isn't exactly as simple as it shows up. You must remember that composing an exploration paper on questionable themes isn't a simple undertaking. Try not to leave yourself alone disheartened if, after you start your examination, you understand your unique postulation proclamation was too expansive a theme. You must perform legitimate exploration on all the various parts of that 1 theme. </p> <h2>Life, Death and Argumentative Essay on Eating Disorders </h2> <p>There have been a great deal of contentions over what is directly about premature birth and so forth. It is essential to comprehend the few thoughts that go behind fetus removal. After a period, the stepmother begins to feel hatred and no longer needs to attempt any of the additional obligations that she was once substance to do. </p> <p>Level of training in regards to the theme may gracefully some inherent ethos. Explain why it's critical to focus on such an issue, concur or express conflict with some specific sentiment on this issue. One of without a doubt the most significant subjects that might be depicted in the paper is medical issues. Remember to choose the point carefully and do equity to the entire subject. </p> <p>Bulimia is each time an individual eats a lot of fatty nourishments and proceeds to hurl everything. Hotlines are as often as possible the absolute initial step you take to discover help when you accept you have a dietary issue. Anorexia can be a main driver of a few difficulties and bring up an assortment of important issues. </p> <p>There are just a couple of good questionable subjects which can be composed effectively on. Its site likewise supplies a plenitude of data and assets about dietary issues and dietary issue treatment. Analyze the most current distributions and measurements. </p> <p>Data might be gotten from a somewhat little example or be accounted for in a flawed manner, maybe because of a high dropout rate in the examination gathering. Numerous strategies are utilized to attempt to address twisted body size estimation. 1 technique has been to flexibly remedial criticism to anorexia nervosa patients with the aim of improving exactness with time. </p> <p>A incredible number of ladies feel uncomfortable by the thought, which may demonstrate some enormous self-perception troubles. Because of the huge development in current innovation the weight on individuals to fit in with a particular body type is more extreme than any other time in recent memory. The media significantly affects self-perception. An essential one is an undertaking to lose additional weight. </p> <p>Morality isn't situated in the idea of a divine being, it's situated in endurance. Rand's way of thinking is a sort of pride. </p> <p>Being restricted and rewarded to be a creature isn't creative mind. All things considered, the basic truth is that no creature has! While ethical quality is objective notwithstanding emotional, it's comparative with specific conditions being available. So there's a target ethical quality to dwell by. </p> <p>As you read each post, underline parts that offer you thoughts you may use to help unmistakable components of your paper. With the goal that the cure is direct. Examination frequently is supported by methods for an organization which has an extensive money related enthusiasm for the result. On the off chance that you might want to discover high excellent examination and theory papers promptly and at a reasonable cost, you ought to most likely evaluate utilizing EssaySupply.com. </p>

Tuesday, July 21, 2020

What Constitutes American History Research Paper Topics?

<h1>What Constitutes American History Research Paper Topics?</h1><p>American history inquire about paper subjects can cover all periods of our country's history, including the nineteenth century. As a rule, our country's history starts with the provincial time frame and proceeds through our cutting edge history. The pilgrim time frame started during the provincial period that started during the 1660s and finished in the late 1800s. During this period our country was under the standard of England.</p><p></p><p>What establishes American history examine paper themes? The short answer is whatever identifies with our nation's progress from an island to an incredible country. I'm not catching this' meaning? It implies with regards to the subject of this specific subject the pattern and pace of progress are similarly as significant as the substance. By looking at changed times and examining how we are currently living in every period you will pick u p understanding into how we began from where we are today.</p><p></p><p>Are there explicit subjects for American history inquire about paper themes? There are many. One region that incorporates something other than our frontier period is the American Revolution. The disobedience was begun by George Washington, who was as yet a youngster at the hour of the American upheaval. Different subjects may incorporate the establishing of our country or the Civil War.</p><p></p><p>The question of what comprises American history inquire about paper points? Does it identify with our home state or does it identify with the United States all in all? You will be astonished to discover what number of various American history inquire about paper subjects can be found all through history.</p><p></p><p>Some explicit points you might need to concentrate on remember well known figures for American history, for example, Thomas Jeffers on. You might need to dig into the life of President Andrew Jackson. You may likewise consider how the Native Americans were treated by the nation on the loose. These are only a couple of things you might need to examine further.</p><p></p><p>Some general American history look into paper points would incorporate our beginnings, remote relations, federation periods, and common war period. Every period was novel in its own specific manner. What makes a period 'American' may contrast from individual to individual. The local Americans and the American Indians are thinking about American in that they have been residents of the nation since the time its origin. The explanations behind the Civil War may fluctuate contingent upon which side you choose to side with.</p><p></p><p>What comprises American history look into paper points is emotional, yet the investigation of our history has become very well known nowadays. The web is an incredible asset for American history inquire about paper themes. You can discover a wide range of branches of knowledge that can give you the topic that you have to compose your paper.</p><p></p><p>If you need to take up the subject of American history investigate paper points to assist you with accomplishing your objectives throughout everyday life, you are unquestionably in karma. The data on this site can assist you with becoming familiar with the subjects you are intrigued in.</p>

Tuesday, July 7, 2020

Want to Know More About Process Analysis Essay Topics for College Students?

<h1> Want to Know More About Process Analysis Essay Topics for College Students? </h1> <h2> Ok, I Think I Understand Process Analysis Essay Topics for College Students, Now Tell Me About Process Analysis Essay Topics for College Students! </h2> <p>Drafting a procedure paper can in some cases end up being mind boggling and to some degree mistaking for a decent arrangement of clarifications. When you get a thought, the act of composing will be a lot less difficult. It is conceivable to find a great deal of them to choose from, consequently it's prescribed to create your ultimate choice dependent on your preferences and task points of interest. Should you do, the perfect submit to request your task isgetessays.org. </p> <p>An elective system is to clarify who did what. A systematic technique is required to form a procedure exposition. </p> <p>The process paper clarifies arranges in a grouping, which is the motivation behind why transitional words ought to be utilized as well. There is next to no to say with respect to the procedure exposition layout in light of the fact that the structure rehashes the measures expected to complete a particular system. Depicting the means alone might be dull. </p> <h2> What to Do About Process Analysis Essay Topics for College Students Before It Is Too Late</h2> <p>To guard your subject, you can review the impact of over-burden plan on school grades. As an undergrad, you likely know something about approaches to consider or the best approach to achieve any assortment of school related assignments. The manners in which understudies should be educated about their prosperity. Alongside it, the potential understudies will in like manner have the option to acquire installment through net banking. </p> <h2> Process Analysis Essay Topics for College St udents Features </h2> <p>Deciding upon a great point makes it more straightforward to compose since there's a need to settle on the compass of the subject that is neither too restricted nor excessively wide. It is presumably that a man or lady may not find a particular subject intriguing which others may. </p> <p>Finally, it's essential to choose points that one feels great to compose on so you can do equity to them. The issue sets in the occasion you aren't broadened a subject. </p> <p>When you decide to search for papers available to be purchased on the web, you will be astounded by the measure of organizations offering custom composing administrations. There are parts more point recommendations and absolutely free models on the web. A top to bottom guide on how best to learn open talking is a noteworthy theme with inconceivable instructive price.</p> <h2>Process Analysis Essay Topics for College Students: the Ultimate Convenience! </h2> <p>Last body passage needs to incorporate generally speaking causal investigation which encourages peruser to understand why specific position was taken. This article portrays the best approach to make a decent procedure investigation paper. You should pick a solid subject for your paper that has the ability to speak to the rest of your task and draw in your crowd. </p> <h2> Understanding Process Analysis Essay Topics for College Students </h2> <p>As an understudy, you need to ace the specialty of choosing the correct exposition subject. Understudies need to make remarkable assortments out of scholarly papers. </p> <p>What's more, the article must be focused on one explicit strategy. A proposition article is very clear to grasp. When you get your proposition paper thoughts, this is the ideal opportunity to start composing. At the very same time, it's a phenomenal enticing paper thought. </p> <p>Enable the expert scholarly essayists help to your educational paper! Like some other kind of composed task, a procedural exposition needs in the first place the introduction. When composing your article, you will need to ensure that you stroll through every one of the means in sequential request. There are a couple of notable themes for such papers that pretty much all understudies like. </p>