National Interest’ Is the Most Important Factor in the...

National interest’ is the most important factor in the formation of any foreign policy. Evaluate this claim. ___________________________________________________________________ It would seem a self-evident claim that national interest must play a significant part, if not a central one, in the formation of any states foreign policy. This claim could be made because it would appear natural that the role of the state, in any situation, is primarily to further the interests of the society and people that it represents. This is the basis of its legitimacy and the reason of its very existence. This paper will explore the extent to which it can be said that states pursue national interests in their foreign policy formation, regardless of†¦show more content†¦There are also many theorists who subscribe to the idea that states are constantly involved in an apparent game of power politics. Power politics is a perspective whereby international politics inevitably entails perceptions of insecurity (†¦); struggles for power; the use of Machiavellian stratagems; the presence of coercion; attempts to balance power; and the use of war to settle disputes (Vasq uez, 1998, p.168). The guiding assumption of this particular theory is that states have little to no choice but to engage in this type of politics, and that failing to do so would have dire consequences in so far that they would be [placing] their fate in the hands of international institutions or the good will of others (Shimko, 2005, p.122). There is thus an underlying principle in this theory that suggests states act not only to further their interests because they are inherently prone to act in this way, but that to not do so would endanger their chances of survival. Strange (1983) is also strongly in favour of the theory that it is essentially interest and power relationships that mediate behaviour in the international system, in her critique of the impact of international regimes (which she believes play a somewhat more negligible role). Unless a truly fundamentalShow MoreRelatedAre the Rationalist Approaches Appropriate for the Study of International Relations?3641 Words    |  15 Pagesrecognising the power that controls the formation of various approaches of States with each other and by determining how they dynamically interact, and their consequent impact on the conditions of the international community (Burchill, 2011). International relations are changing constantly under the influence of international politics and pressure, which affect the content and characteristics of IR. The problem of correlation between domestic and foreign policy of the most complex and controversial problemsRead MoreNgo and Development in India2582 Words   |  11 Pagesplanning for development, the voluntary sector have had official status and has been recognized as right agency to plan, implement, evaluate changes that have to be undertaken. Voluntary organizations are known by names like people’s organization, non-governmental organizations, grassroots organizations, action groups, etc. NGOs approach to development is based on the important principle of people’s participation. NGOs are founded by people who voluntarily associate with an aim of working together toRead MoreFunctional Approach to Internal Analysis14942 Words   |  60 PagesFUNCTIONAL APPROACH TO INTERNAL ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION The purpose of the internal analysis is to evaluate how the company is doing, so that its efforts can be directed in the most effective and efficient way. It s a Decision making approach in which a problem is broken down into its component functions (accounting, marketing, manufacturing, etc.). These functions are further divided into sub-functions and sub-sub functions ... until the function level suitable for solving the problem is reachedRead MoreInternational Hrm5858 Words   |  24 Pagesactivities in foreign locations (Briscoe et al, 2009). IHRM should function in a way it should avoid cultural risks, regional disparities and must manage diversified human capital.The managerial responsibilities must include developing a global â€Å"mindset† by weighting on informal control mechanism, fostering horizontal communication, using cross-border and virtual teams and using international assignments. They should create cultural synergy and use cross-cultural skills daily and must treat foreign colleaguesRead MoreThe UNCITRAL Model Law2697 Words   |  11 PagesCommission on International Trade Law on 21 June 1985. It was subse quently amended in 2001, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2009 and 2012. Currently, over 60 national legislations appear to be Model Law compliant and even more and more states are contemplating the possibility to adjust their arbitration statuses by taking into consideration the dispositions of this law. The specificity of the concept of â€Å"international† – as regulated by the Model Law - is that such concept is not expressly defined thereof. TheRead MoreInternship Report on the Marketing Practice of Sandhani Life Insurance Company – a Case Study11899 Words   |  48 PagesService in Bangladesh 3.2.1 Functional model of Sandhani Life Insurance Marketing policy. 3.2.2 Essential Features of Sandhani Life Insurance Company Marketing practices. 3.2.2.1 Differentiation between practical and theoretical aspects. 3.2.3 Distribution channels of Sandhani Life Insurance Company business. CHAPTER FOURE: Marketing Practices of Sandhani: As it is seen by customers. 4.1 Factors Influencing In Choosing Sandhani Life Insurance Company 4.2 Middlemen of Sandhani LifeRead MorePublic Debt in India5785 Words   |  24 PagesABSTRACT This report deals with the basic understanding of Public debt, what it comprises of and how it is managed and why does the government resort to public borrowing. Various forms of public debt have been discussed to facilitate better understanding of the concept. We have also attempted to analyze the impact of certain macro economic variables on the public debt in our country. For this purpose, we have used the â€Å"SPSS 13.0 for windows† as a tool to carry out the regression analysis. indexRead MoreU.s. Lng Exportation Policy And The Wto8704 Words   |  35 Pages NOTE Consistently Inconsistent: U.S. LNG Exportation Policy and the WTO MICHAEL P. SMITH Efficiency advances in natural gas extraction and development, as well as a shift in global economics, have led to a surge in global liquefied natural gas (LNG) demand in the United States. At the same time, pervasive environmental concerns heighten the stakes forRead MoreGlobal Politics Essay6696 Words   |  27 Pagesrather global politics, seeks to provide an account of politics in the broadest domain. The domain of international politics in the twenty-first century is characterised by the increasing number of actors pursuing common and personal interests. It is largely due to the globalised, interdependent nature of the current international political environment that the concepts of sovereignty and power deserve further evaluation. The exercise of authority and power are facts as oldRead MoreThe Nigerian Stock Market and Its Impact on the Economy9899 Words   |  40 Pagespopulation. Over the years, policies were pursued in order to achieve the goal of a balanced national development that reflects the â€Å"Federal Character† of Nigeria. Since independence, the search for a political system, which enhances stability for social and economic development, has been going on. In recent times, many developing countries have recognised that a market based economic system needs political institutions supportive of the free market concept. Thus Nigeria, like any other nation, has been

Essay on Compromise of 1877 - 2213 Words

Compromise of 1877 African-Americans may sometimes wonder at the contradictory facts about their history presented in many standard history texts. These texts state that blacks were given the right to vote in 1870, yet the same texts will acknowledge that this right did not really exist for African-Americans until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. Similarly, the first public accommodation law was passed in 1875, but history shows that it took 91 years before it was acknowledged and African-Americans were allowed to the full benefits of citizenship.1 It is common knowledge that the American Civil War provided freedom and certain civil rights, including to right to vote, to the African-American population of the†¦show more content†¦By statute, African-Americans received the basic civil rights to make and enforce contracts; to acquire, hold, and dispose of property; and to equal applications of criminal laws in 1866. These rights were constitutionalized in 1868. African-Americans did not acquire the right to vote till 1870.7 There was enormous resistance from forces in the South throughout these years, these reforms were not easily instituted; yet, the movement toward real equality ended in 1870. In that year, Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts introduced a bill which, had it been passed unchanged, would have abolished racial discrimination and segregation in â€Å"public schools, cemeteries, railroads...inns..and the exclusion of citizens from jury service on the basis of race.† Unfortunately, this final triumph of the Reconstruction met with defeat.8 This was because the country, as a whole, not just the South, was tired of the ongoing crusade for civil rights. A representative from Delaware, on the floor of the Senate, even questioned if the Fourteenth Amendment had any illegal or binding force in law. This same representative then made aShow MoreRelatedReasons For The Compromise Of 1877899 Words   |  4 PagesFollowing the Compromise of 1877, many supporters of black rights, such as freed slaves or radical Republicans, believed that conditions for freed blacks were worse than they had been when they were enslaved. Though there were definitely upsides to freedom from slavery, many conditions blacks lived under either didn t change or got worse after the Compromise. For example, the removal of the military from the South allowed the southern government to pass laws limiting blacks rights, meaning theRead MoreApush 1989 Dbq Essay1320 Words   |  6 Pagesbeginning of the twentieth centuries. Using the documents and your knowledge of the period 1877-1915, assess the appropriateness of each of these strategies in the historical context in which each was developed. In reference to the years between 1877 and 1915, I assessed that, based on between each of these strategies, Booker T. Washington’s approach was more appropriate during the time period between 1877 and 1915 than W.E.B. Du Boise’s strategy, for the simple fact that while his strategy wouldRead MoreThe Party System, Republican Vs. Federalist1712 Words   |  7 PagesHowever, there is no doubt that the combination of proposed legislative acts, compromises, and supreme court rulings following the Missouri Compromise led to the inflexibility and sectional divide of the two party system which ultimately resulted in the Civil War. The Missouri Compromise (1820) was the first indication that slavery was going to have to be dealt with on a national level. At first glance, the Missouri Compromise settled the issue of slavery in the states, and the need to maintain a politicalRead MoreCivil War Reconstruction Dbq Essay940 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the time period of 1860 and 1877 many major changes occurred. From the beginning of the civil war to the fall of the reconstruction, the United States changed dramatically. Nearly one hundred years after the Declaration of Independence which declared all men equal, many social and constitutional alterations were necessary to protect the rights of all people, no matter their race. These social and constitutional developments that were made during 1860 to 1877 were so drastic it could be calledRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Reconstruction1486 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the period of reconstruction in the U.S., from 1865-1877, there were plans put in place b y Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, and Congress in hopes of a brighter future. Reconstruction took place after the Civil War occurred in the U.S. from 1861-1865. Abraham Lincoln was the President during the Civil War, and he had plans prepared at the end of his presidency because he sensed that the nation would have to be rebuilt through a reconstruction period. Once he was assassinated in 1865, his successorRead MoreAmerican Reconstruction after the Civil War Essay1228 Words   |  5 Pages Reconstruction was a period of time after the Civil War (1865-1877) that was supposed to be the rebuilding of America. It was also the process used to readmit all the Confederate states back into the Union. There was controversy, however, on how to go about rebuilding the nation. Abraham Lincoln proposed a lenient plan. After he was assassinated, Andrew Johnson proposed a very similar plan. The Radical Republicans, a group of legislators that were in favor of freedmen’s rights, were opposedRead MoreThe Civil War And Emancipation1036 Words   |  5 Pagesattempts to forge reconciliation between the north and the south were made, the blacks ended up suffering. Another example where this is seen in Chapter 23 is the Jim Crow laws, which were a result of the Compromise of 1877. According to Bailey, the Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction. The compromise stated that Hayes would become president on two conditions: that he would support the building of a southern transconti nental railroad and that he would remove the federal troops. Because the troops wereRead MoreThe Compact Theory761 Words   |  4 Pages- studies how economic actors can and do construct contractual arrangements, generally in the presence of asymmetric information Kansas–Nebraska Act 1854 - created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries. Stephen Arnold Douglas - was an American politician from the western state of Illinois, and was the Northern Democratic Party nomineeRead MoreThe Endurance Of The Human Spirit Essay1364 Words   |  6 Pagesin America today, however I think there are four events that shows the progress and that show how life in the United States changed over time for African Americans. The events are the Compromise of 1877, Jim Crow, First African American being signed to major league team, and the end of Jim Crow. The Compromise of 1877 was a deal made by Republicans as well as Democrats secretly made to resolve issues stemming from the presidential election of 1876, when both parties came to a realization that the outcomeRead MoreEssay about Overview Of The 14th Amendment1232 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"tired of fighting† and that â€Å"the old men are all dead.† (1877) The sad speech end with his peaceful statement. â€Å"From where the sun now stands I will fight no more forever.† (1877) America was progressing in this age and the American Indians could see this as well. In Sitting Bull’s speech, Sitting Bull told the other Indians about the â€Å"small and feeble† people who were first met by their forefathers, but now they were â€Å"great and overbearing.† (1877) In the 14th Amendment did not protect the Native Americans

What is Madness Free Essays

Introduction Madness and lunacy are both words that have been loosely used throughout history. Although modern research allows us to discover and treat madness and lunacy more accurately this was not always the case. It is interesting to look at what people actually mean when they use the term madness and what people used to do about it. We will write a custom essay sample on What is Madness? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Psychiatric hospitals, also known as mental hospitals specialise in short term temporary or permanent care of patients who require assistance, treatment or a controlled environment. Patients are often voluntary admitted however involuntary admittance can be given if they pose a threat to themselves. There are a number of different types of modern psychiatric hospital which include: Crisis stabilization – dealing with suicidal, violent patients. In effect it is an emergency room for critical individuals Open units – these are designed to make life as normal as possible. They are also designed to adapt the individual ready for discharge. Juvenile wards – these are set aside for children with mental problems. Long term care facilities – Modern buildings, modern security and being locally sited to help with reintegration into society once medication has stabilized the condition. Halfway houses – these are designed for people with long term illnesses who need assistance for an extended period of time. When lunacy was first discovered the symptoms where not definite. Because of this doctors could make up the symptoms to ‘create’ more patients. This way they could make more money when business was slow. This is known as hegemony (controlling a market) There were many differences in the 16th– 17th centuries and the 18th– 19th centuries as science increased. Some of these differences are listed below: 16th – 17th centuries Lunatics where left to their own devices Very few institutions and treatments for lunacy Lunatics where controlled by a full moon. They were also not part of society and was classed as the ‘otherness’. 18th – 19th centuries There is a Distinction between ‘mad’ and other Asylums increased greatly Specialised province of medicine and treatments. As more people became aware of lunacy more and more people began to admit themselves as the symptoms where very vague. In 1807 there were 2000 recorded lunatics however in 1844 this had rose to 20000 and in 1890 this had grown to a massive 86000. Many mental hospitals have been opened to try and ‘contain’ and ‘treat’ lunatics, one of which was Wittingham hospital. This hospital has many accounts of patients being mistreated and abused. These included: Patients left untreated; Patients given only bread and jam, regardless of menu; given a spoon only regardless of diet; food mixed up and served as â€Å"slops†; Patients restricted in fluids during and after meals; put to bed in only vests; left queuing on the stairs waiting for a bath; certain patients locked in rooms under the stairs; Patients put out and locked out in the airing courts, regardless of weather conditions; certain patients locked in the washrooms. The worst kind of complaints made where that people had witnessed patients being dragged by their hair. Also on one of the male wards, the main allegation was that there were incidents of the â€Å"wet towel treatment†; this involved twisting a wet towel or bed sheet round a patient’s neck until the patient lost consciousness. Finally on another male ward, it was alleged that two male nurses had poured methylated spirits into the slippers of one patient and into the dressing gown pocket of another, and set them alight. Although all these complaints were denied it does question the belief that this ‘hospital’ was actually helping patients. The colonial American society referred to those suffering from mental illnesses as ‘lunatics’ which came from the word lunar which means moon. The reason behind this that it was believed that insanity was caused by a full moon. They also believed that lunatics were possessed by the devil and where usually removed from society. The main treatments they used were submerging patients in ice baths until they list consciousness or executing a massive shock to the brain. They also used means to expel the devil from the patient which included inducing vomiting and the notorious â€Å"bleeding† practice. The bleeding practice entailed draining the bad blood from the individual, Unfortunately this inhumane practice normally resulted in death. Around the 19th century, Europeans introduced a new approach to the treatment of the mentally ill known as â€Å"Moral Management.† This approach was based on the belief that the environment played a vital role in the treatment of the mentally ill. Creating a more domestic feel, beds and decorations replaced chains and cement cells. It was thought that recovery would more likely occur if conditions and surroundings resembled the comfort of home. Phrenology was introduced, studying the shape of the brain to explain illnesses. Animal magnetism was another popular practice, concentrating on the benefits of hypnosis and relaxation. Problems surfaced, however, with patients becoming unruly due to lack of restraints, and concern arose with how patients were to occupy their time. To combat these concerns, work programs and recreational activities were devised for patients in asylums, significantly moving to bridge the gap between society and the hospital. A crucial point in the history of the mental illness was the Civil War. After the Civil War in America a great number of servicemen suffered from postwar trauma. These inflicted persons were passed on to state mental hospitals and asylums, where the public displayed much interest in their care and treatment. Although, the public eye watched very closely how their ‘war boys’ were treated, institutions had no choice but to reinstate old procedures due to the serious issue of overcrowding. Restraints and shock therapy were reintroduced, along with new drug treatments such as opium. Along with the rising need to find placement for those suffering from mental illnesses, asylums began opening all over the country. Thomas Story Kirkbride was a designer of asylums at the time, and became well known for his popular architectural ideas. His designs and landscaping meant that the patients took part in tasks both indoors and out to benefit their living situation, much like that of a family. In accordance with European ideals at the time, patients at the Athens Asylum also engaged in recreational activities such as dancing, picnics, boating and church. All up and coming communities housed large and attractive asylums The reputation of these institutions was significantly impressive leading parents and friends of patients to have increasing confidence in their patient’s care. With the increasing credibility of these institutions, the populations skyrocketed. It was common for homeless people, tramps and hobos to become ‘patients’ of the asylums seasonally for shelter and food, and then slip away when the good weather returned. Families would often submit their elderly relatives to asylums because they lacked the resources or time to deal with them appropriately. The problem with overcrowding developed because the institutions had no established criteria for accepting or rejecting patients into their care. Rapid growth in populations caused patient care to suffer. In the Athens Asylum the patient population jumped from 200 to nearly 1800, with an insignificant alteration in staffing. The community found that these institutions were an easy means to remove unwanted people from society. There was no effort to provide any other programs or support, because the state was paying for the asylum. The severe overcrowding led to a sharp decline in patient care and once again, the revival of old procedures and medical treatments. Restraints returned. Instead of sleeping in single rooms as the Kirkbride Plan had designed, patients were sleeping in wooden cribs stacked three patients high. Ice water baths were once again used, along with shock machines and electro convulsive therapy. The lobotomy was a medical procedure where the neural passages from the front of the brain are surgically separated from those in the back of the brain. The common result of this procedure was the patient forgetting their depressing or discouraging feelings or tendencies. This was a very delicate, time-consuming procedure that required great skill and training from the practicing surgeons. Because the lobotomy appeared to effectively alter the mental health of patients, great effort was invested into developing a more practical procedure with similar desired results. Walter J. Freeman developed the transorbital lobotomy. This new medical procedure could be performed quickly and required limited aftercare for the patient. Because this new form of lobotomy could be performed so quickly and easily, the transorbital craze swept the nation’s asylums. Freeman himself performed over 3,000 lobotomies and was labelled the travelling lobotomist. Transorbital lobotomies were performed on hundreds of Athens Asylum patients in the early 1950s. In conclusion, madness, or lunacy, used to be a way of segregating people from society. As science progressed so did the asylums and patients began to decline as treatments also progressed. Mental hospitals throughout history have been vial and inhumane however, without the scientific evidence to back up the fact that their methods didn’t work they could have been committing these ‘treatments’ with the best intentions. Modern day hospitals are extremely high tech and efficient. The patients are looked after a lot better than ever and treatments are constantly improving. In summary, madness is not an illness that cannot be tolerated any more as modern treatments and care means that someone with lunacy can have a normal life as everyone else does. References: http://www.toddlertime.com/advocacy/hospitals/Asylum/history-asylum.htm accessed 22/04/2011 http://psychiatric-hospital.co.tv/ accessed 22/04/2011 http://www.whittinghamhospital.co.uk/ accessed 22/04/2011 How to cite What is Madness?, Essay examples

Positive Influence of Relationships in Short Stories free essay sample

Our families are very important, they help us grow and mature to become adults. The protagonists of the short stories A Rupee Earned and To Everything There Is a Season are both influenced positively by relationships that may affect the rest of their lives. In A Rupee Earned the father teaches his son how to earn what he has. In To Everything There Is a Season the family helps the son (narrator) to mature and let go of his belief in Santa Claus. In the short story A Rupee Earned the protagonist is positively influenced by his relationship with his dad because the dad teaches his son how to work hard and earn what he gets and wants. He does that by telling him the only way he can get the family fortune and property is if he is able to earn one rupee by himself, show me that you can earn one rupee and all that I own will be yours when I die (Bulatkin 276). We will write a custom essay sample on Positive Influence of Relationships in Short Stories or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The son wants his inheritance. So after earning his rupee, after many failed attempts, he gives it to his father. His father thinks he didnt work for that rupee. So the father throws the rupee in the fire, but the son jumps into the fire to get it back. The father wanted to see if he would go in the fire to get it so he would know that he worked for that rupee himself, Now I believe that you earned this rupee yourself. Someone else’s money you do not care about — that is cheap. But the money you earn by your own labor — ah, that you make a big fuss over (Bulatkin 278). He his now worthy of his inheritance. He his positively affected by this relationship, because now he has learned a valuable lesson, to work hard to get what you want. In the short story To Everything There Is a Season the protagonist is positively influenced by his family because the narrators family helps him mature and let go of his belief in Santa Claus. They do that by not saying the presents he got at Christmas are from Santa, the ones for my younger brothers say from Santa Claus but mine are not among them anymore (Macleod 305). He knows Santa Claus does not exist, his dad helps move on by telling him every man moves on, speaking about moving on from Santa Claus (Macleod 305). His dad probably does not usually talk to him in such a mature way (every man moves on), referring to him as a man which can make him feel more like one and so, being a man for him would mean not to believe in Santa Claus anymore. He is positively affected by this relationship because now he feels like more of a man, an adult; it helped him mature. The protagonists of both short stories are more mature, more adult like because of their families relationship with them and the reason for that is that in A Rupee Earned the dad teaches his son to be less lazy by maturing and working to get what he wants and in To Everything There Is a Season the narrator matures with the help of his family, mostly his dad, by not believing in Santa Claus anymore, therefore becoming more of a man. Our families are what help us become mature men and women, they help us be ready for the world and the future ahead.